Comparative Evaluation of Effective Dose 50 (ED 50) of Propofol in Adult Patients with Saline-Propofol, Dexmedetomidine-Propofol and Fentanyl - Propofol for Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion

Introduction: Propofol a short acting intravenous anaestheticis widely used with various adjuncts to facilitate improvedinsertion conditions of Proseal Laryneal Mask Airway(PLMA). We compared the median effective dose (ED 50)propofol requirement and insertion conditions of PLMA withsaline - propofol, dexmedetomidine - propofol and fentanyl -propofol.Material and Methods: This was a prospective randomizeddouble blind study conducted in 100 adult patients of AmericanSociety of Anaesthesiology (ASA) class I/II scheduled toundergo elective surgical procedures. They were randomlyallocated into four groups of 25 each - Group N normal saline,Group F1 fentanyl 1 mcg/kg, Group F2 fentanyl 2mcg/kg andGroup D dexmedetomidine 1mcg/kg. The study drug wasdiluted in 50ml saline and infused over 10 minutes followedby a predetermined dose of propofol as per Dixon’s up anddown method. The ease of PLMA insertion was assessed asper Muzi mouth opening score. Hemodynamic parameterswere observed starting from baseline (T0), at 10 min post testdrug infusion (T1), post propofol injection (T2), 1min postLMA insertion (T3) and till 3 minutes post LMA insertion(T4).Results: The ED50 of propofol for the insertion of PLMAwith normal saline, fentanyl (1mcg/kg), fentanyl (2 mcg/kg)and dexmedetomidine (1mcg/kg) as adjuncts were found outto be 3.25mg/kg, 2mg/kg, and 1.67mg/kg and 1.92mg/kgrespectively. PLMA insertion conditions and hemodynamicparameters were comparable between the four groups. Leastincidence of apnoea was noted in group D with only 8 patientsrequiring assisted ventilation.Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine significantly reduces therequirement of induction dose propofol for PLMA insertionwhile providing stable hemodynamic and excellent insertionconditions

Antibacterial and Antioxidant activity of Benincasa hispida using Hydrogen peroxide scavenging model.

The seeds of Benincasa hispida commonly known as ash gourd belonging to Cucurbitaceae family is employed as a main ingredient in kusmanda lehyam in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The seeds of Benincasa hispida mashed with milk or the various preparations from the pulp of fruit in the form of sweetmeats, like Kusmanda paka and petha are commonly used as a general tonic, aphrodisiac, rejuvenative and also a brain tonic. The plant of Benincasa hispida was collected from (Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, Dept. of ayush, Ministry of Health & F.W, Govt. of India New Delhi) Govt. Central Pharmacy Annex, Ashoka Pillar, Jayanagar Bangalore. The extracts were subjected to Antioxidant activity by In hydrogen peroxide-scavenging model, model acetone extract showed scavenging (80.1%) of hydrogen peroxide and chloroform extract showed ( 79%) in comparison with ascorbic acid ( 94.5% ). Antioxidant activity was carried out for extract (acetone, chloroform, and aqueous extracts) with Hydrogen peroxide-scavenging model. Acetonic extract showed more scavenging (80.1%) of Benincasa hispida and least scavenging was done by aqueous extract of (43%). After comparison with the standard drug (Ascorbic acid) showed (94.5%). From this it was conclused that acetone extract of Benincasa hispida showed high scavenging activity. Conclusively, the result revealed that Benincasa hispida seeds has antimicrobial activity & antioxidant activity which may be due to the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids constituents present in the sample.

Isolation and Identification of Xylanolytic Enzyme from an Effective Strain Bacillus Licheniformis Isolated from the Decaying Wood.

A new species of Bacillus licheniformis produced extracellular xylanase under submerged fermentation when wheat bran is used as carbon source. The xylan is the most common hemicellulosic polysaccharide in food industry and agricultural wastes, comprising a backbone of xylose residues linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Bacillus licheniformis has been shown to be a promising organism for enhanced production of xylanases & β-xylosidase under submerged fermentation (SmF). The optimization of cultural conditions and carbon, nitrogen sources for enzymes production. The bacterial strain Bacillus licheniformis was cultivated using as substrate xylan, wheat bran, corn straw, corncob, and sugarcane bagasse. Wheat bran has been a good xylanase (16.8U/ml) & β xylosidase (5.6U/ml) activity after 48h of fermentation. Maximum enzyme activity was observed in xylan as carbon source and peptone as nitrogen source. Both crude enzymes were characterized and a bacterial xylanase shows optimum pH for xylanase activity at 6.5 & β xylosidase were found to be 6.0. The optimum temperatures were 450C for both and they were thermally stable up to 500C. The parameters of Vmax and Km obtained using Line weaver-Burk plot method were 277.7μmol / min/mg and 5.26 mg /L correspondingly.

Amylase production by solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes using Bacillus sp

Solid state fermentation was carried out using various agro- industrial wastes with the best amylase producing strain isolated from soil. Different physicochemical conditions were varied for maximum enzyme production. The strain produced about 5400 units/g of amylase at 1:3 moisture content, 20 percent inoculum, after 72 h of incubation with Mustard Oil seed cake as the substrate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme activity were found to be 50ºC and 6 respectively. The enzyme was found to be thermostable at 70ºC for about 2 h without any salt. It showed stability at pH range 5-7. The metal ions as Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and Co++ enhanced the enzyme activity.

Amylase production by solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes using Bacillus sp

Solid state fermentation was carried out using various agro- industrial wastes with the best amylase producing strain isolated from soil. Different physicochemical conditions were varied for maximum enzyme production. The strain produced about 5400 units/g of amylase at 1:3 moisture content, 20% inoculum, after 72 h of incubation with Mustard Oil seed cake as the substrate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme activity were found to be 50ºC and 6 respectively. The enzyme was found to be thermostable at 70ºC for about 2 h without any salt. It showed stability at pH range 5-7. The metal ions as Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and Co++ enhanced the enzyme activity.

Quantification of AS and AR.

Trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) is routinely used in valvular surgery in most institutions. The popularity of TEE stems from the fact that it can supplement or confirm information gained from other methods of evaluation or make completely independant diagnoses. Quantitative and qualitative assessment permits informed decisions regarding surgical intervention, type of intervention, correction of inadequate surgical repair and re-operation for complications. This review summarizes the various methods for quantification of aortic regurgitation and stenosis on TEE. The application of Doppler echo (pulsed wave, continuous wave and color) with two-dimensional echo allows the complete evaluation of AV lesions.